Genómica y eugenesia: nuevos imaginarios reproductivos y viejos racismos de estado

Autores/as

  • Abril Saldaña-Tejeda

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24201/es.2022v40.2081

Palabras clave:

genómica, eugenesia, jerarquías coloniales, raza

Resumen

El artículo explora la genómica y sus ideas biologizantes sobre la raza. Problematiza las nociones de “elección” y “autonomía” que suelen respaldar argumentos a favor de la edición hereditaria del genom­a humano. Se advierte sobre los riesgos de una eugenesia neoliberal que reproduzca, desde los individuos y ya no desde el estado, conocidas jerarquías raciales. Se discuten las implicaciones de la reiteración de la raza como una realidad biológica. El artículo argumenta que las nuevas ciencias de la vida plantean retos que afectan especialmente a las mujeres y a las poblaciones racializadas negativamente. Sin un marco legislativo adecuado, estas tecnologías podrían abrir la puerta a un nuevo proyecto eugenésico con un poder sin precedentes.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Adam, David (2019). The promise and peril of the new science of social genomics. Nature. News feature. 21 october, 2019. Recuperado de https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03171-6 doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-03171-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-03171-6

Adashi, Eli Y., & Cohen, I. Glenn (2016). Going Germline: mitochondrial replacement as a guide to genome editing. Cell, 164(5), 832-835. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.018

Agar, Nicholas (2004). Liberal Eugenics: In Defence of Human Enhancement. Oxford: Blackwell. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470775004

Albuquerque, David; Stice, Eric; Rodríguez-López, Raquel; Manco, Licíno, & Nóbrega, Clévio (2015). Current Review of Genetics of Human Obesity: From Molecular Mechanisms to an Evolutionary Perspective. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 290(4), 1191–1221. doi: 10.1007/s00438-015-1015-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-015-1015-9

Baedke, Jan, & Delgado, Abigail Nieves (2019). Race and nutrition in the New World: Colonial shadows in the age of epigenetics. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 76, 101175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.03.004

Bliss, Catherine (2018). Social by nature: the promise and peril of sociogenomics. Stanford: Stanford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503603967

Brassington, Iain (2018). Freedom, law, politics, genes: The case of mitochondrial transfer. In The freedom of scientific research. Manchester University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526127686.00016

Brena, Ingrid (2015). Conflictos ideológicos en torno a la reglamentación de la investigación con células troncales embrionarias. Gac Med Mex, 151, 273-277.

Bosley, Katrine S. et al. (2015). CRISPR germline engineering — The community speaks. Nature biotechnology, 33(5), 478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3227

Camhaji, Elías (2016). Los vacíos legales en México sobre reproducción asistida. El País, 8 de noviembre.

Coller, Barry S. (2019). Ethics of human genome editing. Annual review of medicine, 70, 289-305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-112717-094629

Comfort, Nathaniel (2018). Can we cure genetic diseases without slipping into eugenics? En Obasogie Osagie K., & Darnovsky, Marcy (eds.). Beyond Bioethics Toward a New Biopolitics (pp.175-186). Oakland California: University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520961944-021

Cromer, Risa (2019). Making the ethnic embryo: Enacting race in US embryo adoption. Medical anthropology, 38(7), 603-619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2019.1591394

Cyranoski, David (2018). Baby gene edits could affect a range of traits. Nature News, 12 de diciembre. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07713-2

Darnovsky, Marcy (2019). The Wrong Way to Make Policy About Heritable Genome Modification. The Hill, 29 de mayo.

Delvigne, Annick, & Rozenberg, Serge (2002). Epidemiology and prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS): A review. Human reproduction update, 8(6), 559-577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/8.6.559

Dickenson, Donna (2013). The commercialization of human eggs in mitochondrial replacement research. The New Bioethics, 19(1), 18-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/2050287713Z.00000000018

Dickenson, Donna, & Darnovsky, Marcy (2019). Did a permissive scientific culture encourage the ‘CRISPR babies’ experiment? Nature biotechnology, 37(4), 355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0077-3

Diver, Colin S., & Cohen, Jane Maslow (2001). Genophobia: What is wrong with genetic discrimination?. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 149(5), 1439-1482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3312965

Deomampo, Daisy (2019). Racialized commodities: Race and value in human egg donation. Medical anthropology, 38(7), 620-633. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2019.1570188

Duster, Troy (2003). Backdoor to Eugenics. 2nd ed. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203426951

European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) (2018). More than 8 million babies born from IVF since the world’s first in 1978: European IVF pregnancy rates now steady at around 36 percent, according to ESHRE monitoring. Science Daily, 28 de octubre de 2019. Recuperado de www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180703084127.htm

Fee, Margery (2006). Racializing Narratives: Obesity, Diabetes and the “Aboriginal” Thrifty Genotype. Social Science & Medicine 62(12): 2988-2997. doi: 10.1016/j. socscimed.2005.11.062. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.062

Forbes (2019). Mujeres ricas siempre han abortado, queremos proteger a las más pobres: Zaldívar., 28 de noviembre.

Fortune (2014). Ova Science CEO talks Apple, Facebook and the $9 billion fertility market. 30 de septiembre.

González Santos, Sandra P. (2020). A Portrait of Assisted Reproduction in Mexico Scientific, Political, and Cultural Interactions. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23041-8

Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida, A.C (GIRE) (2019). Gestación subrogada en México. Resultados de una mala regulación, 11 de noviembre. Recuperado de https://gire.org.mx/publicaciones/gestacion-subrogada-en-mexico/

Granados, Marta Saade (2011). México mestizo: de la incomodidad a la incertidumbre. Ciencia y política pública posrevolucionarias. En López Beltrán, Carlos (ed.). Genes (&) Mestizos. Genómica y raza en la biomedicina mexicana. (pp. 29-64). México: Ficticia.

Greely, Henry T. (2016). The end of sex and the future of human reproduction. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674545755

Harding, Sandra (2011). The Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies Reader. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822393849

Isasi, Rosario, Kleiderman, Erika, & Knoppers, Bartha Maria. Editing policy to fit the genome? Science, 351.6271 (2016), 337-339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6778

Jensen, Arthur (1969). How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement. Harvard educational review, 39(1), 1-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.39.1.l3u15956627424k7

Kahn, Jonathan et al. (2018). How Not to Talk about Race and Genetics. BuzzFeed Opinion, 30 de marzo.

Lacadena, Juan Ramón (2017). Edición genómica: ciencia y ética. Revista Iberoamericana de Bioética, (3), 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14422/rib.i03.y2017.004

Lewis, Douglas R. (2016). Biotechnology: an era of hopes and fears. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 10(3), 23-45.

López Beltrán, Carlos, & Vergara Silva, Francisco (2011). Genómica nacional: El INMEGEN y el Genoma del mestizo. En López Beltrán, Carlos (2011). GENES (&) MESTIZOS (pp. 99-143). México: Ficticia.

Lovell-Badge, Robin (2019). CRISPR babies: a view from the centre of the storm. Development, 146(3), 175778. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.175778

Martschenko, Daphne (2020). DNA Dreams’: Teacher Perspectives on the Role and Relevance of Genetics for Education. Research in Education, 107(1), 33-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0034523719869956

Meghani, Zahra (2011). A robust, particularist ethical assessment of medical tourism. Developing World Bioethics, 11(1), 16-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8847.2010.00282.x

Merleau-Ponty, Noémie; Vertommen, Sigrid, & Pucéat, Michel (2018). I6 passages: on the reproduction of a human embryonic stem cell line from Israel to France. New genetics and society, 37(4), 338-361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2018.1548269

Mills, Melinda C. & Tropf, Felix C. (2020). Sociology, Genetics, and the Coming of Age of Sociogenomics. Annual Review of Sociology, 46, 553-581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054756

Moreno Figueroa, Mónica (2010). Distributed intensities: Whiteness, mestizaje and the logics of Mexican racism. Ethnicities, 10(3), 387-401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796810372305

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2017). Human Genome Editing: Science, Ethics, and Governance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Recuperado de doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/24623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/24623

Nicholas, Barbara (2001). Exploring a moral landscape: Genetic science and ethics. Hypatia, 16(1), 45-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2001.tb01048.x

Olivares, Alonso Emir (2012). Los mexicanos tienen predisposición genética a la obesidad, según estudio. La Jornada, 2 de agosto.

Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) (2002). Genomics and world health-Report of the Advisory Committee on Health Research. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 28 de noviembre de 2021. Recuperado de https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42453

Ormond, Kelly E. et al. (2017). Human germline genome editing. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 101(2), 167-176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.012

Paradies, Yin; Montoya, Michael J., & Fullerton, Stephanie M. (2007). Racialized genetics and the study of complex diseases: The thrifty genotype revisited. Perspectives in biology and medicine, 50(2), 203-227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2007.0020

Pearson, Helen (2006). Health effects of egg donation may take decades to emerge. Nature, 442, 607-608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/442607a

Pérez Botero, Valentina (2015). “Ovodonantes”. Ellas los “venden” en $7 mil. El Universal, 12 de mayo.

Pérez Carbajal y Campuzano, Hilda (2017). Análisis de la regulación en materia de donación de órganos en la República Mexicana. Revista de la Facultad de Derecho de México, 67(269), 199-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/fder.24488933e.2017.269.62440

Pérez Hernández, Yolinliztli (2018). Gestación subrogada: una revisión etnográfica para contribuir al debate en México. Debate feminista, (56), 85-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/cieg.2594066xe.2018.56.05

Ramaswami, Ramya; Bayer, Ronald, & Galea, Sandro (2018). Precision medicine from a public health perspective. Annual review of public health, 39, 153-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-014158

Reich, David. (2018). How to Talk About Race and Genetics. The New York Times, 30 de marzo.

Roberts, Dorothy (2017). Gene Editing and the Future of Reproductive Justice, Center for Genetics and Society Seminar. Recuperado de https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmlw5yNwzEo

Roberts, Elizabeth F. S. (2016). Resources and race: assisted reproduction in Ecuador. Reproductive biomedicine & society online, 2, 47-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbms.2016.06.003

Ruiz, Apen (2001). La india bonita: nación, raza y género en el México revolucionario. Debate feminista, 24, 142-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/cieg.2594066xe.2001.24.663

Russell, Camisha A. (2018). The Assisted Reproduction of Race. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv9hvrrv

Saavedra, Diana, (2019) Detectan variante genética del mexicano que influye en el desarrollo de diabetes tipo 2. Gaceta UNAM, 7 de julio.

Saldaña-Tejeda, Abril, & Wade, Peter (2018). Obesity, race and the indigenous origins of health risks among Mexican mestizos. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(15), 2731-2749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1407810

Sánchez Bringas, Ángeles, & Pérez Baleón, Guadalupe Fabiola (2016). La práctica de las cesáreas en unidades médicas privadas de Monterrey: un mercado para la salud obstétrica. En Saldaña Tejeda, Abril; Davids, Tine, & Aguilera, Lilia (2016). ¡A Toda Madre!: Una mirada multidisciplinaria a las maternidades en México (con coedición de Lilia Venegas (DEH, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia) y Tine Davids (Radbaud University, Países Bajos). Editorial ITACA.

Savulescu, Julian (2001). Procreative beneficence: why we should select the best children. Bioethics, 15(5-6), 413-426. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8519.00251

Schettino, Macario. (2018). Son los Genes. El Financiero, 16 de octubre.

Shiva, Vandana (1988). Staying alive: Women, ecology and development. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Simonstein, Frida (2019). Gene Editing, Enhancing and Women’s Role. Science and engineering ethics, 25(4), 1007-1016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9875-5

Smedley, Audrey, & Smedley, Brian D. (2005). Race as Biology Is Fiction, Racism as a Social Problem Is Real: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives on the Social Construction of Race. American Psychologist, 60(1): 16-26. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x. 60.1.16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.16

Soo-Jin Lee, Sandra (2013). American DNA: the politics of potentiality in a genomic age. Current Anthropology, 54(S7), S77-S86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/670970

Speakman, John R. (2006). Thrifty Genes for Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome-Time to Call Off the Search?. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, 3(1), 7-11. doi: 10.3132/dvdr.2006.010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3132/dvdr.2006.010

Stepan, Nancy L. (1991). “The hour of eugenics”: race, gender, and nation in Latin America. New York: Cornell University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501702266

Vasquez, Emily E., & Deister-García, Vivette (2019). Mexican Samples, Latino DNA: The Trajectory of a National Genome in Transnational Science. Engaging Science, Technology, and Society, 5, 107-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17351/ests2019.199

Vega, Rosalynn A. (2018). No alternative: Childbirth, citizenship, and indigenous culture in Mexico. Texas: University of Texas Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7560/316764

Werner-Felmayer, Gabriele, & Shalev, Carmel (2015). Human germline modification-A missing link. The American Journal of Bioethics, 15(12), 49-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2015.1103810

Yong, Ed (2018). The CRISPR Baby Scandal Gets Worse by the Day. The Atlantic, 3 de diciembre.

Descargas

Publicado

2022-02-24

Cómo citar

Saldaña-Tejeda, A. (2022). Genómica y eugenesia: nuevos imaginarios reproductivos y viejos racismos de estado. Estudios Sociológicos De El Colegio De México, 40, 151–178. https://doi.org/10.24201/es.2022v40.2081
Metrics
Vistas/Descargas
  • Resumen
    495
  • PDF
    524
  • XML
    56

Métrica